2 Kings 3:1 – 27 “In the eighteenth year of Jehoshaphat’s reign over Judah, Jehoram son of Ahab became king of Israel, and he reigned in Samaria twelve years. And he did evil in the sight of the LORD, but not as his father and mother had done. He removed the sacred pillar of Baal that his father had made.
Nevertheless, he clung to the sins that Jeroboam son of Nebat had caused Israel to commit; he did not turn away from them.
Now Mesha king of Moab was a sheep breeder, and he would render to the king of Israel a hundred thousand lambs and the wool of a hundred thousand rams. But after the death of Ahab, the king of Moab rebelled against the king of Israel. So at that time King Jehoram set out from Samaria and mobilized all Israel. And he sent a message to Jehoshaphat king of Judah: “The king of Moab has rebelled against me. Will you go with me to fight against Moab?”
“I will go,” replied Jehoshaphat. “I am like you, my people are your people, and my horses are your horses.” Then he asked, “Which way shall we go up?”
“By way of the Desert of Edom,” replied Joram.
So the king of Israel, the king of Judah, and the king of Edom set out, and after they had traveled a roundabout route for seven days, they had no water for their army or for their animals.
“Alas,” said the king of Israel, “for the LORD has summoned these three kings to deliver them into the hand of Moab!”
But Jehoshaphat asked, “Is there no prophet of the LORD here? Let us inquire of the LORD through him.”
And one of the servants of the king of Israel answered, “Elisha son of Shaphat is here. He used to pour water on the hands of Elijah.”
Jehoshaphat affirmed, “The word of the LORD is with him.” So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat and the king of Edom went down to him.
Elisha, however, said to the king of Israel, “What have we to do with each other? Go to the prophets of your father and of your mother!”
“No,” replied the king of Israel, “for it is the LORD who has summoned these three kings to deliver them into the hand of Moab.”
Then Elisha said, “As surely as the LORD of Hosts lives, before whom I stand, were it not for my regard for the presence of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, I would not look at you or acknowledge you. But now, bring me a harpist.”
And while the harpist played, the hand of the LORD came upon Elisha and he said, “This is what the LORD says: ‘Dig this valley full of ditches.’ For the LORD says, ‘You will not see wind or rain, but the valley will be filled with water, and you will drink—you and your cattle and your animals.’ This is a simple matter in the sight of the LORD, and He will also deliver the Moabites into your hand. And you shall attack every fortified city and every city of importance. You shall cut down every good tree, stop up every spring, and ruin every good field with stones.”
The next morning, at the time of the morning sacrifice, water suddenly flowed from the direction of Edom and filled the land.
Now all the Moabites had heard that the kings had come up to fight against them. So all who could bear arms, young and old, were summoned and stationed at the border. When they got up early in the morning, the sun was shining on the water, and it looked as red as blood to the Moabites across the way.
“This is blood!” they exclaimed. “The kings have clashed swords and slaughtered one another. Now to the plunder, Moab!”
But when the Moabites came to the camp of Israel, the Israelites rose up and attacked them, and they fled before them. So the Israelites invaded their land and struck down the Moabites. They destroyed the cities, and each man threw stones on every good field until it was covered. They stopped up every spring and cut down every good tree. Only Kir-haraseth was left with stones in place, but men with slings surrounded it and attacked it as well.
When the king of Moab saw that the battle was too fierce for him, he took with him seven hundred swordsmen to break through to the king of Edom, but they could not prevail. So he took his firstborn son, who was to succeed him, and offered him as a burnt offering on the city wall. And there was great fury against the Israelites, (Israel’s fury was great) so they withdrew and returned to their own land.”
Jehoram, a.k.a., Joram, has succeeded his father Ahab and his brother Ahaziah and is now ruling the Northern Kingdom of Israel. Joram has made a tiny concession to the God of Israel by cutting down the Baal pillar; however, he is busy pursuing every other cult available. Mesha, king of Moab, recognizes the opportunity to get free and stop paying expensive tributes, so he rebels. Joram then calls on Jehoshaphat and the king of Edom for assistance. The last time Jehoshaphat helped a king of Israel, it was during the battle against the Syrians in which Ahab was severely wounded so that he died. Jehoshaphat foolishly wore his royal robes into battle and was nearly killed; however, the Syrians realized who he was and left him alone. Now Joram is calling for assistance and Jehoshaphat is busy making ringing statements. “I am like you, my people are your people, and my horses are your horses.”
Joram stupidly advises that they should bring their armies through the Desert of Edom, and the three armies run out of water. When Jehoshaphat asks for a prophet of the Lord, Elisha appears and orders the armies to dig ditches in the dry valley so that God will fill them. Elisha further orders that after they have gotten water, they should completely destroy the land of Moab by cutting down every good tree, stopping up the springs, and dropping stones on every piece of good land.
Somewhere in the mountains it rains, and the ditches fill with water. When the morning sun strikes the water, turning it red, the Moabites think that the three armies are fighting amongst themselves and rush to attack. The three armies then destroy the Moabite army and carry out Elisha’s orders. Every walled city in Moab is destroyed, leaving only Kir – haraseth. Just as the armies are about to destroy this city, the king of Moab offers his eldest son who would succeed him as a burnt offering on the city wall. Horrified, the armies retreat.
What is the point of Mesha sacrificing his first – born son who would otherwise succeed him? Among the myriads of theories, Drew Holland from Martin Methodist College offers what might be the most logical explanation in his article “An Alternative Approach to the Dilemma of 2 Kings 3:27.” (https://place.asburyseminary.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1126&context=jibs) Holland suggests that King Mesha’s sacrifice is actually a sign of surrender and an atonement for the sin of rebellion. Holland tells us, “The burnt offering was commonly sacrificed in a wartime situation by battle losers to express apology, and it was also done by vassal kings to solidify a relationship with a suzerain king. Both types fit Mesha in 2 Kgs 3, the rebellious vassal wishing to re-establish his relationship with his suzerain after defeat.”
Holland then contends that the Israelites have conquered Kir – haraseth and are now involved as partners in Mesha’s horrific sacrifice. “Second, this sacrifice has practical functions. It both expresses contrition in cultic terms and serves the political purpose of ensuring that Mesha’s successor would not seek vengeance against the Israelites. If Mesha’s first-born son is the offering to be destroyed in a sacrifice, he will not live to seek the rebellious path of his father. In the words of Julie Faith Parker, “By sacrificing his son, King Mesha saves his kingdom from defeat while robbing it of its next ruler.”
Third, the idea of the “first-born” ( הַבְּכוֹר ), is intrinsically connected with the burnt offering and is instructive to revealing the nature of the burnt offering in this case. The gift for a burnt offering is typically a first-born male. With regard to the offering of human children, Gen 22 provides an instructive example. God commands Abraham to offer Isaac, the first-born male of Abraham and Sarah, as a burnt offering. However, the angel soon prevents Abraham from following through, allowing Abraham to offer a ram instead. A similar idea is at play in 2 Kgs 3:27, where Mesha’s beloved first-born is offered as a burnt offering. Yet, in contrast to Abraham, Mesha follows through with the offering.
One function of the sacrifice of the first-born male is as a substitute for the sacrificer…celebrating success for the victor and as an instrument of contrition for the loser…
Rather, the burnt offering is only intended to be undertaken after a battle is complete. If one loses the battle, the burnt offering has repentant force. If one wins the battle, the burnt offering has celebratory intentions. The significance attached to burnt offerings affirms not only the rationale for Mesha’s sacrifice but also the point of the prior section that the battle at Kir-hareseth was complete and that Israel had won, fulfilling Elisha’s prophecy.
It functions to indicate that the Israelites were behaving in a cultically ambiguous, thus inappropriate manner. We have little idea to whom Mesha, supported by the Israelites, sacrificed. But we do know it was cultically inappropriate for Yhwh’s people to participate in it.”
The “great wrath” mentioned would then be the wrath of God poured out on the Israelites for participating in Mesha’s horrible sacrifice as on – lookers essentially participating in the sacrificial ritual, rather than removing themselves from the scene. The fear of the Lord literally descends on the Israelites, causing them to suddenly withdraw and return home.
APPLICATION: Jehoshaphat is at it again! Having failed to learn from the near – fatal experience with Ahab, Jehoshaphat is back allying himself with Joram. Does Jehoshaphat derive some kind of pleasure from comparing himself with Joram, something similar to the smug feelings enjoyed by the families of addicts? (“Well, no matter what I do, I will NEVER be as bad as him!”) Does Jehoshaphat still cherish notions of being able to re – unite Israel and Judah? Or is Jehoshaphat bored and hoping for glory or loot? Whatever the case, Jehoshaphat has made the same mistake he made with Ahab; he has allied himself with someone who is totally unrighteous.
This time, Jehoshaphat winds up as a participant in a child sacrifice, something abhorrent to the God whom Jehoshaphat claims to serve. Nowhere in the Scripture does it say that Jehoshaphat has absented himself from this sacrifice. What excuse can Jehoshaphat possibly offer to the Lord? Jehoshaphat is pushing the envelope, teetering on the brink of full – bore cultic worship.
We may criticize Jehoshaphat, but the temptation to indulge our curiosity is ever – present. One pastor friend found himself addicted to on – line pornography when he failed to eliminate an invitation that popped up while he was surfing the internet. On – line videos, Netflix, television programs – the possibilities are endless.
Proverbs 4:23 tells us, “Above all else, guard your heart, for everything you do flows from it.” As we move through our days, may we guard our hearts carefully!
PRAYER: Father God, thank You for loving us and for caring for us. Lord, help us to closely guard our hearts, that we may follow hard after You all the days of our lives. In the mighty and precious Name of King Jesus. Amen.